If you want to find entries where a relationship does not exist, this snippet worked for me. (based on @GregorSondermeier)
const findRelationshipNull = async (collection: string, relationship: string) => {
const strapiApi = `api::${collection}.${collection}`;
return await strapi.query(strapiApi).findMany({
populate: [relationship],
where: {
$or: [{[relationship]: {id: {$null: true}}}],
},
});
};