Yes, behavior as you describing looks like SSG-build of Nuxt. In SSR mode, which is enabled-by-default in Nuxt3, hitting browser’s refresh button should refetch actual data from Strapi, without rebuilding frontend-build.
But definitely there is some problem with communication between frontend-side and strapi.
P.S.: try to change the way of getting data from graphQL to REST request. How will it be going?