You can add forcePathStyle: env('AWS_S3_PATH_STYLE', false), as given below into your middlewares.ts and then you would add a env variable for local development with AWS_S3_PATH_STYLE=true. Note that this .ts references a newer version of strapi, but it might be also applicable without s3Options: { to your case.
I’m not sure about the exact reason, but I think that those options are then also applied for the s3 configuration.
providerOptions: {
s3Options: {
[...]
forcePathStyle: env('AWS_S3_PATH_STYLE', false),
[...]
By applying this configuration your path-style addressing should work.